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Linux as a Virtual Environment

Prerequisites for the installations

Why Linux?

What is Linux?

  • The kernel
  • The Operating System - thousands of programs
  • The Distribution - a group effort

Tux

Linux Distributions

What is BSD?

What are Linux distributions?

  • Collection of packages
  • Linux kernel
  • Editors
  • Web server
  • Database server
  • etc.

Configure Virtualbox

  • Open VirtualBox - Press the "new" button on the left

step_1

Configure Virtualbox - 2

  • If you type in the name "ubu" it will setup the type to linux and the version to ubuntu 64-bit for you if not, you can do that yourself.

step_2

Configure Virtualbox - 3

  • Continue the setup with the values VirtualBox is suggesting for you.
  • Memory size: 1024 Mb.
  • Hard disk: Create a virtual hard disk now (Recommended size is 10 Gb).
  • Hard disk file type: VDI (VirtualBox Disk Image).
  • Storage on physical hard disk: Dynamically allocated.
  • File location and size: ubuntu is fine. 10 Gb.

step_3

Configure Virtualbox - 4

  • Right-click on the icon of your new server and select "Settings".
  • Select the "Storage" section.
  • Click on the "empty" CD icon and select the Ubuntu .iso file you have downloaded before.
  • After saving this setup you can click on "Start" to launch the new Linux machine.

step_4

Set up Linux

  • Start the installation of Ubuntu - Select the defaults
  • Your preferred language: English.
  • "Install Ubuntu Server"
  • Select a language - English
  • Your location: "Untied States"
  • Detect keyboard? No
  • Configure the keyboards: English (US)
  • Keyboard layout: English (US)

Set up Linux - hostname

  • When you get to the hostname section choose whatever you like.
  • "ubuntu" is fine for this installation.

linux_1

Set up Linux - user

  • Type in your full name.
  • Select a username for yourself.
  • Type in a good password. (twice)
  • Home directory encryption: No
  • Timezone (it decided Asia/Jerusalem for me): Yes
  • Partition disks: select "Guided - use entire disk" (no LVM)
  • SCSI3 ...
  • Write the changes to disks? YES!!!!
  • ...
  • Configure the package manager proxy (leave it empty)
  • ...
  • Upgrades of the system: "No automatic updates"
  • Software selection: don't select anything now.
  • ...
  • Install the GRUB boot loader on a hard disk - YES
  • ...

Set up Linux - complete

  • When the installation is complete, it will unmount the Ubuntu image we setup at the beginning.
  • Continue to reboot:

linux_2

Linux login screen

  • When you are done installing after the reboot the host screen should look like this:

linux_3

Log in to the computer on the VirtualBox console

  • Type in your username and password

Package repositories

  • Like an Appstore or Google play just free and Open Source
  • yum (.rpm) (Fedora, RedHat, CentOS, ...)
  • apt, apt-get, apt-cache (.deb) (Debian, Ubuntu, Mint, ...)

Linux users: you, root, and the sudo command

  • sudo

Update deb-based packages

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get upgrade

Nano file editor

  • nano hello.txt
  • Write something in the file, save it and exit nano
  • cat hello.txt will show the content
  • edit the file again and save an updated version.
  • Check it with cat again.

Turn off the Linux box

sudo shutdown now -P
  • Power off VirtualBox

Log in as a remote machine

What we need usually:

  • ssh server
  • ssh client (Putty on Windows)

Extra we need for VirtualBox:

  • Configure host-only network

Create Host-only network

  • Global Tools - Host Network Manager - Create+ to add one (vboxnet0)
  • Might need Windows Admin rights (popup in the background)
  • 192.168.56.1/24

vboxnet

Configure Host-only network - adapter 1

  • Machine Tools
  • Select your machine: Settings - Network (guest needs to be shutdown)
  • Adapter 1 is set to NAT.

adapter1

Configure Host-only network - adapter 2

  • Click to Adapter 2
  • Set it to "Host only" and select the vboxnet0

adapter2

Configure host-only network on Ubuntu

$ ifconfig -a
$ sudo apt-get install ifupdown

edit /etc/network/interfaces

sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces

and add

auto enp0s8
iface enp0s8 inet static
address 192.168.56.10
netmask 255.255.255.0

  • Run sudo ifup enp0s8

  • From the Windows Cmd window ping 192.168.56.10

Install ssh server

$ sudo apt-get install ssh

Try it:

$ ssh localhost

Use Putty to connect to the machine

  • Download putty.exe (No need for the .msi file)
  • Run it from the download directory or from the desktop

The Linux Filesystem

The filesystem starting at /

Navigate in the filesystem

  • ls /
  • ls -l /
  • ll
  • pwd
  • cd some/dir
  • cd ..
  • cd

Create and remove directory

  • mkdir
  • rmdir

Remove files

  • rm

Configuring the shell

nano .bashrc

Install Nginx

sudo apt-get -y install nginx

curl http://localhost:80

The default configuration file of Nginx: is /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default

cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
less /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
(q to quit)

  • Edit /var/www/html/index.nginx-debian.html

  • Then reload the page using curl and your browser and observe the change.

  • Create more pages. etc.

Linux Resources

Resources